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REPORT
INTRODUCTION
1.
Since a Ministerial system of government was introduced in 1950 responsibility
for the conduct of the internal affairs of Trinidad and Tobago has passed
progressively to elected Ministers. In December, 1961, full internal self-government
was attained, following a general election at which the People's National
Movement, led by Dr. Eric Williams, gained 20, and the Democratic Labour
Party, led by Dr. Rudranath Capildeo 10 of the 30 seats in the House of
Representatives.
2. Attention was then turned to the future of
Trinidad and Tobago in the light of the situation created by Jamaica's
decision to withdraw from the Federation of The West Indies. On 14th January,
1962, the General Council of the People's National Movement unanimously
approved a resolution that Trinidad and Tobago should not participate
in any new federation of the East Caribbean which might be formed but
should proceed forthwith to independence without prejudice to the possibility
of the territory's future association in a unitary state with other territories
in the East Caribbean. The resolution also requested the Government to
take the initiative in proposing the maximum possible measure of collaboration
between the finer members of the Federation of The West Indies regarding
common services, and to declare their willingness to take part in and
work for a Caribbean economic community. This resolution was endorsed
at a special convention of the party held towards the end of January,
and the Government accepted the terms of the resolution as their policy
in this matter. In April the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in reply
to a dispatch from the Governor, agreed that Trinidad and Tobago should
become independent as early as practicable in 1962, and proposed that,
provided that the necessary steps could be taken in time, an independence
conference should be held in London towards the end of May to agree upon
a constitution and the date of independence.
3. Meanwhile, in February, the Government of Trinidad
and Tobago had published the first draft of an independence constitution:
this was distributed widely in the territory, and organizations and the
general public were invited to submit written comments on it by 31st March.
Over 160 memoranda were received, and from 25th to 27th April the Government
held meetings with those who had submitted memoranda, at which the draft
constitution was considered. The draft constitution, as amended in the
light of these consultations, was considered by a Joint Select Committee
of the Senate and House of Representatives, after which it was debated
and, on 11th May, approved by a majority of 16 to 9 in the House of Representatives.
Page 1 ends
4. The revised draft of the independence constitution,
as approved by the Legislature, formed the basic document at the Trinidad
and Tobago Independence Conference which opened at Marlborough House in
London on Monday, 28th May, 1962, under the Chairmanship of the Secretary
of State for the Colonies, the Rt. Hon. Reginald Maudling, M.P. Thereafter
the Conference met regularly, on most occasions under the Chairmanship
of the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, the Hon.
Hugh Fraser, M.P. The last session was held with Mr. Maudling in the Chair
on Friday, 8th June. A list of those who attended the Conference is at
Appendix A.
5. The principal conclusions of the Conference
are set out in the following paragraphs of this Report.
DATE OF INDEPENDENCE
6. It was agreed that Trinidad and Tobago should
become independent on 31st August 1962.
MEMBERSHIP OF COMMONWEALTH
7. The Trinidad and Tobago Delegation unanimously
expressed the wish that on achieving independence Trinidad and Tobago
should be accepted as a member country of the Commonwealth.
8. They also stated that it was the firm wish
of the people of Trinidad and Tobago to continue after independence in
their allegiance to Her Majesty the Queen as Queen of Trinidad and Tobago.
9. They further expressed the hope that the United
Kingdom Government would be prepared to support with the other members
of the Commonwealth the application of Trinidad and Tobago to be accepted
as a fellow-member. This the United Kingdom Government willingly undertook
to do.
Page 2 ends
THE CONSTITUTION
CHAPTER I
RECOGNITION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
10. The constitution will include provisions
safeguarding the fundamental freedoms of the individual, irrespective
of race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex. These
fundamental freedoms will include the right to life, liberty, security
of the person and protection from arbitrary arrest; the enjoyment of property
and the protection of the law; freedom of conscience, movement, expression
and assembly; and respect of private and family life.
11. Provision will be made to permit, subject
to safeguards, derogation from the fundamental freedoms in time of war
or during an emergency. Provision will, however, also be made, subject
to the permitted degree of derogation, for the continued enforcement by
the Courts of the fundamental freedoms. In particular, it will be made
clear that the Courts can declare void a law which infringes or abridges
the rights referred to in section 2 of the draft constitution; and there
will also be a provision whereby there can be an appeal to the Courts
to obtain a decision whether a law, passed during a period of emergency,
which derogates from the fundamental rights and freedoms, is reasonably
justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists
during that period. The period during which a proclamation of a state
of emergency can remain in force, without being extended by a vote of
a majority of the House of Representatives, will be limited to six months.
CHAPTER II
CITIZENSHIP
12. Provision will be made for citizenship of
Trinidad and Tobago. All persons born in Trinidad and Tobago after independence
will automatically acquire citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago and there
will be provision for the acquisition of citizenship by persons born outside
Trinidad and Tobago of parents who are citizens of Trinidad and Tobago.
Persons born in Trinidad and Tobago (or persons born outside Trinidad
and Tobago of parents born in Trinidad and Tobago) before independence
who, immediately prior to independence, are citizens of the United Kingdom
and Colonies will also automatically become citizens of Trinidad and Tobago.
13. Appropriate provisions will be made permitting
certain persons who will not automatically become citizens of Trinidad
and Tobago to be registered as such.
14. The requirement that any person who is already
a citizen of another country must renounce that citizenship before he
can be admitted to citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago will not apply to
any person who would thereby be rendered stateless.
15. The power of Parliament to deprive of his
citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago a person who is a citizen of Trinidad
and Tobago will not extend to persons who automatically acquire such citizenship
on independence.
CHAPTER III
THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
16. The Governor-General will be appointed by
the Queen and will hold office during Her pleasure. Provision will be
made for the Governor-General's functions to be performed by such person
as Her Majesty may appoint when the office of Governor?General is vacant
or the holder of the office is absent from Trinidad and Tobago.
CHAPTER IV
PARLIAMENT
17. The existing bicameral form of Legislature
will be retained. The Senate
18. The Upper House will consist of twenty-four
Senators, of whom thirteen will be appointed by the Governor-General on
the advice of the Prime Minister, four by the Governor-General on the
advice of the Leader of the Opposition and seven by the Governor-General
on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation by the latter with
those religious, economic or social bodies or associations from which
the Prime Minister considers that such Senators should be selected. (The
Opposition delegates did not accept the provisions of this paragraph.)
The House of Representatives
19. This will consist of thirty members elected
by universal adult suffrage, but provision will be included to permit
the number to be varied (see paragraph 3). The President and Deputy President
of the Senate
20. The President and Deputy President of the
Senate will be elected by the Senate from within their own membership.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives
21. The Speaker of the House may be elected either from among the members
of the House who are not Ministers or Parliamentary Secretaries, or from
outside the House. A Speaker elected from within the House will have a
casting vote only. A Speaker elected from outside the House will have
neither an original nor a casting vote, and if on any question the votes
of members are equally divided, the motion will be lost. The Deputy Speaker
will be appointed from within the House. Qualifications for Appointment
or Election
22. A person will be qualified for appointment
to the Senate if he is a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago and is aged 30
years or more. A person
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4 ends
will
be qualified for election to the House of Representatives if he is a citizen
of Trinidad and Tobago, is aged 21 years or more and has either resided
in the territory for a period of two years immediately before the date
of his nomination or is domiciled and resident in the territory at that
date.
23. Persons holding or acting in public office;
Judges of the Supreme Court; and persons who are under allegiance to another
state, undischarged bankrupts, of unsound mind, under sentence of death,
serving a sentence of imprisonment exceeding twelve months without the
option of a fine or disqualified by or under any law for the time being
in force relating to offenses connected with elections, will be disqualified
for appointment as Senators or for election as members of the House of
Representatives. Qualifications of Voters
24. Subject to such disqualifications as Parliament may prescribe, a person
will be qualified to vote at an election of members to serve in the House
of Representatives if, and will not be qualified to vote at such an election
unless, he is a Commonwealth citizen aged 21 years or more and has such
other qualifications regarding residence or registration as may be prescribed
by Parliament. Amendment of the Constitution
25. The principal provisions of the constitution will be entrenched, and
of these the most important will be specially entrenched. The ordinarily
entrenched provisions may be amended by an affirmative vote of not less
than two-thirds of all the members of each House. The specially entrenched
provisions may be amended by an affirmative vote of not less than three
fourths of all the members of the House of Representatives and not less
than two?thirds of all the members of the Senate. A list of the entrenched
clauses of the constitution is at Appendix B. The other provisions may
be amended by a simple majority of each House. Prorogation and Dissolution
of Parliament
26. Parliament will be prorogued or dissolved
by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister, provided
that, if the House of Representatives, by a majority of all its members,
passes a resolution that it has no confidence in the Prime Minister of
Trinidad and Tobago, and the Prime Minister does not within seven days
either resign or advise a dissolution, the Governor?General shall revoke
the appointment of the Prime Minister.
27. In any event Parliament shall not continue
for more than five years from the date of its first sitting after any
dissolution. In time of war, however, Parliament itself may extend its
life for a period not exceeding twelve months at a time up to a maximum
of five years.
Immunity of Members of the Legislature
28. There will be a provision in the constitution ensuring that, in all
the proceedings of the Legislature, members will enjoy immunity from all
action, whether civil or criminal, in respect of anything said in the
course of those proceedings.
Page 5 ends.
CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS
Elections Commission
29. Subject to the provisions of the constitution,
the qualifications of the electors and the rules governing elections will
be laid down by or under the authority of Parliament. The constitution
will, however, provide for an Elections Commission consisting of a Chairman
and not less than two nor more than four other members appointed by the
Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister. Members of either
House of Parliament and public officers will not be eligible for appointment
to the Commission; nor should they be persons who have been actively engaged
in politics. The procedure for the removal of members will be similar
to that for the Auditor General. The Elections Commission will be responsible
for all matters relating to the conduct of elections, including the registration
of voters. For example, it will be responsible for ensuring that, within
the time specified by law before an election, the accuracy and competence
of voting machines (if that method of voting is used) is fully tested
in the presence of representatives of the political parties engaged in
the election; and, once the accuracy and competence of the machines have
been so established, for sealing them in the presence of the representatives
of the political parties and keeping them sealed until after polling has
been completed.
Boundaries Commission
30. The delimitation of constituencies will be
undertaken by a Boundaries Commission consisting of a Chairman and not
less than two nor more than four other members appointed by the Governor-General
on the advice of the Prime Minister. Members of either House of Parliament
and public officers will not be eligible for appointment to the Commission;
nor should they be persons who have been actively engaged in politics.
31. The Commission will periodically review the
number and boundaries of the constituencies and submit its reports to
the House of Representatives, which will take decisions on these matters
in the light of the Commission's reports. Annexed to the constitution
will be a schedule specifying the general principles which the Commission
will follow in delimiting constituencies.
32. The existing constituencies will continue
in effect until the Commission has been set up and the House of Representatives
decides, after consideration of a report by the Commission, to make some
change.
CHAPTER V
EXECUTIVE POWERS
The Prime Minister
33. The Governor-General will appoint as Prime
Minister the member of the House of Representatives who, in his own deliberate
judgment, is best able to command the support of a majority of the members
of that House.
The Cabinet
34. The Cabinet will consist of the Prime Minister
and such number of other Ministers as the Governor-General, acting in
accordance with the
Page 6 ends.
advice
of the Prime Minister, shall appoint from among the Senators and the members
of the House of Representatives, provided that not more than two or, if
the Attorney-General is appointed from among the Senators, not more than
three Ministers will be appointed from; the Senate. Portfolios will be
assigned to Ministers by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime
Minister.
Attorney-General
35. There will be an Attorney-General, who may
be a member of the Senate or of the House of Representatives, who will
be appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister.
He will have power to institute, conduct and discontinue criminal proceedings,
and to take over and conduct or discontinue criminal proceedings before
all Courts. The constitution will provide that in the discharge of these
functions the Attorney-General shall be completely independent and not
subject to the direction of any other person or authority.
Leader of the Opposition
36. There will be a Leader of the Opposition appointed
by the Governor General from the House of Representatives who, in the
Governor-General's own deliberate judgment, is the leader in the House
of the party which commands the support of the largest number of members
of the House in opposition to the Government.
Exercise of the Governor-General's powers
37. The Governor-General will be required to act
on the advice of the Cabinet in the exercise of his functions except in
respect of-
(a) any function in respect of which he is required to exercise his own
deliberate judgment, or
(b) any function in the exercise of which he is required to act on the
advice of persons or authorities other than the Cabinet.
38. The Cabinet will be summoned by the Prime
Minister, who will preside at its meetings or appoint some other Minister
to do so.
39. The Governor-General will be entitled to receive
from the Prime Minister full information about the general conduct of
the government of Trinidad and Tobago and information on any particular
matter.
CHAPTER VI
THE JUDICATURE
The Supreme Court
40. There will be a Supreme Court consisting of
a High Court of Justice and a Court of Appeal, with such jurisdiction
and powers as may be conferred on it by the constitution or by any other
law. The High Court
41. The High Court will consist of such number
of Puisne Judges as may be prescribed by Parliament and the Chief Justice
shall ex officio be a member of the Court. The jurisdiction of the Court
and its powers will be those conferred upon it by the constitution or
by any other law.
Page 7 ends.
Court
of Appeal
42. The Court of Appeal will consist of the Chief
Justice, who will be President, and such other number of Justices of Appeal
as may be prescribed by Parliament. The Court will be a Superior Court
of Record and save as otherwise provided by Parliament, will have all
the powers of such a Court. Judicature Act
43. A Judicature Act, which will come into effect
on the date of independence, will prescribe the jurisdiction of the Courts
and the qualifications of Judges. Appeals to Her Majesty in Council
44. An appeal, whether on matters of law or on
matters of fact, will lie as of right from final decisions of the Court
of Appeal to Her Majesty in Council where the matter in dispute is of
the value of fifteen hundred dollars or more or where the appeal involves,
directly or indirectly, a claim to or question respecting property or
a right of fifteen hundred dollars or more; from final decisions regarding
dissolution or nullity of marriage; from final decisions in any civil,
criminal or other proceedings on questions as to the interpretation of
the constitution, and in such other cases as may be prescribed by Parliament.
Appointments
45. The Chief Justice will be appointed by the
Governor-General acting on advice of the Prime Minister.
46. The qualifications for appointment as Judges
of the Supreme Court will be such as may be prescribed by any law of Trinidad
and Tobago for the time being in force. Judicial and Legal Service Commission
47. The Commission will consist of the Chief Justice,
who will be Chairman, a Judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court
appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister,
the Chairman of the Public Service Commission, and two other members who
will be appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister.
One such member will be a Judge or an ex-Judge of Q court of unlimited
jurisdiction and the other will be selected by the Prime Minister after
consulting with appropriate bodies and organizations.
48. The Commission will advise the Governor-General
on appointments to public offices for appointment to which persons are
required to possess legal qualifications as prescribed by Parliament.
A special procedure will be provided for the removal from office of a
Judge.
49. An appointment will not be made to the office
of Solicitor-General Registrar-General, Crown Solicitor or head of the
Legal Drafting Division if the Prime Minister signifies to the Commission
his objection to it.
Page 8 ends
CHAPTER VII
FINANCE
50. The authority for expenditure from public
funds will be an Appropriation, or Supplementary Appropriation, Act, which,
when submitted to Parliament, will be supported by Estimates. The House
of Representatives will have power to authorise expenditure for thirty
days from the beginning of the financial year or until the coming into
operation of the Appropriation Act, is the earlier.
51. There will be an Auditor-General, who will be a public officer. He
will audit and report to the Minister of Finance on the Public Accounts
of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago, and for this purpose will have
access to all accounts and records. The Minister of Finance will lay before
the House of Representatives the report of the Auditor-General within
thirty days of its receipt by him; if he fails to do so the Auditor-General
will send copies of has report to the Speaker of the House, who will present
them to the House of Representatives. Special provision will be included
in the constitution ensuring that the Auditor-General will be independent
in the discharge of his functions, and for his removal.
CHAPTER VIII
THE PUBLIC SERVICE
The Public Service Commission
52. The Commission will consist of a Chairman
and not less than three nor more than five other members as the Governor-General,
acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, may decide,
and the members will be appointed by Governor-General acting on the advice
of the Prime Minister. No person will be eligible for membership of the
Commission if he is a member of either House of Parliament or holds or
is acting in any public office other than the office of member of the
Judicial and Legal Service Commission or member of the Police Service
Commission.
53. The Commission will be responsible for advising
the Governor-General on appointments to public offices and for removing
and exercising disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in
such offices. An appointment will not be made to the office of Permanent
Secretary, Director of Personnel Administration, head of a Government
Department, chief professional adviser in a Ministry or the deputies of
these officers, if the Prime Minister signifies to the Commission his
objection to it.
54. Section 86 of the draft constitution will
be deleted and section 85 will be amended to provide that the Public Service
Commission may, with the approval of the Prime Minister, and subject to
such conditions as it may think fit, delegate any of its powers under
this section by directives in writing to any of its members or to any
public officer. The special position of teachers and the substance of
the agreement (commonly called "The Concordat") with the Denominational
Boards of Management of Assisted
Page 9 ends.
Primary Schools will be reflected in regulations made by the Public Service
Commission with the consent of the Prime Minister.
Police Service Commission
55. The Police Service Commission will consist
of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the Governor-General
acting on the advice of the Prime Minister. No person will be eligible
for membership of the Commission if he is a member of either House of
Parliament or holds or is acting in any public office other than the office
of member of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission or the Public Service
Commission. The Commission will be responsible for advising the Governor-General
on appointments to all in the Police Force and for exercising disciplinary
control over all members of the Force. An appointment will not be made
to the post of Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of Police if the Prime
Minister signifies to the Commission his objection to it. Procedure for
Reviews and Appeals
56. Provision will be made in the machinery of
the Public and Police Service Commissions for review and appeals in disciplinary
cases.
SECOND SCHEDULE
Boundaries of Constituencies
57. The first rule will be amended to provide
that the electorate will, so far as is practicable, be equal in all constituencies
but that it will not in any constituency (other than constituencies in
Tobago) exceed 110 per cent. nor be less than 90 per cent. of the total
electorate divided by the number of constituencies. The same general principle
will apply to Tobago, provided that Tobago shall have not less than two
seats.
GENERAL
General Elections
58. The next general election will be held under
the provisions of the independence constitution. Consultation between
Government and Opposition
59. After hearing an important statement by the
Premier of Trinidad and Tobago the Conference agreed that it was a matter
of great importance to honour the convention whereby the Prime Minister
consults the Leader of the Opposition on all appropriate occasions, in
particular on all matters of national concern, including appointments
to suitable offices of a national character-for example, the chairmanship
of the Elections and Boundaries Commissions. Inheritance of International
Treaty Rights and Obligations
60. It was agreed that at independence the Government
of Trinidad and Tobago would conclude an Exchange of Notes with the United
Kingdom Government under which the newly independent State would assume
all treaty rights and obligations relating to it entered into on its behalf
before independence by the United Kingdom Government and the former Government
of the Federation of the West Indies. The Conference recognised that by
such an arrangement the Government of Trinidad and Tobago
Page 10 ends.
would,
of course, also assume the right to question the validity or efficacy
of the provisions of any treaty, in so far as it applied to Trinidad and
Tobago, to the same extent that immediately prior to independence the
Government of the United Kingdom might under the terms of the said treaty
lawfully have exercised such right.
International Organisations
61. The Conference considered Trinidad and Tobago's
membership of international organizations. The United Kingdom Government
undertook to use their best endeavours to facilitate Trinidad and Tobago's
application to join whatever international organizations it wished. The
Government of Trinidad and Tobago agreed to notify the United Kingdom
Government in due course of the international organizations which they
wished to join.
Compensation for Certain Categories of Public Officers
62. The existing scheme for conditional retirement
will continue in force with minor modifications. A scheme embodying the
principle of voluntary retirement will be introduced for permanent and
pensionable expatriate officers who are members of Her Majesty's Overseas
Civil Service, and for pensionable officers designated before independence
under any Aid Scheme Agreement which may be concluded between the United
Kingdom Government and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. Legislative
provision for these arrangements will be made before independence.
Discussion of Economic, Financial and Defence Matters
63. Before the date of independence there will
be discussions between the United Kingdom Government and the Government
of Trinidad and Tobago concerning financial, economic and defence matters.
Page
11 ends.
APPENDIX
A
List of Those Attending the Trinidad and Tobago Independence Conference,
1962
UNITED KINGDOM
The Rt.Hon. Reginald Mauling, M.P.
The Hon. Hugh Fraser, M.B.E.,
M.P.Sir Hilton Poynton, K.C.M.G.
Mr. A. R. Thomas, C.M.G.
Mr. J. A. Peck
Mr. D. Williams
Mr. I. H. Cruchley
Mr. J. E. Whitelegg
Mr. L. B. Walsh-Atkins, C.M.G.
Mr. E. Norris
Mr. S. J. G. Fingland
Mr. C. W. F. Footman, C.M.G.
Mr. C. Diggines
Sir Charles Dixon, K.C.M.G.,K.C.V.O., O.B.E.
Sir Orby Mootham
Mr. H. Oxlcy
Mr. P. R. Noakes
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Dr. E. Williams
Mr. G. A. Richards
Mr. S. Mohamrned
Mr. W. J. Alexander
Dr. R. Capildeo
Mr. A. Sinanan
Mr. T. Hosein
Sir Padlock Hobson
Mr. J. Rotas
Mr. M. T. I. Julien,
Sir Learie Constantine, M.B.E.
Mr. E. E. I. Clarke, C.M.G.
Mr. J. O'Neill Lewis
Mr. S. C. Maharaj
Mr. L. F. Seukeran
Mr. P. G. Farquahar
Mr. O. Mathurin
SECRETARIAT
Mr. A. M. MacKintosh, C.M.G - Secretary-General
Mr. D. F. Milton - Secretary
Mr. D. J. Burr - Secretary
Mr. D. Wyllie - Secretary
Mr.G.O.Young - Secretary
Mr. R. W. Francis - Secretary
Mr. K. J. Hanford - Press Officer
Mr. R. S. Paveley - Press Officer
Mr. T. Empson -Conference Officerl
Page 12 ends
APPENDIX B
Entrenched Provisions of the Constitution
Ordinarily entrenched
Provisions relating tohuman rights and fundamental freedoms.
Prorogation of Parliament.
Appointment, dismissal and disciplinary control of judicial officers.
Establishment of office and functions of Auditor General.
Public debt.
Public Service Commission.
Appointment, dismissal and disciplinary control of public officers.
Appointment and removal of principal representatives of Trinidad and Tobago
abroad.
Auditor-General.
Tenure of office of Auditor-General.
Police Service Commission.
Appointment,
dismissal and disciplinary control of police officers.
Protection of pension rights.
Powers of Commissions in relation t0 grant of person, etc.
Specially entrenched
Office of Governor General.
Establishment of Parliament.
Composition of Senatea.
Composition of House of Representatives.
Amendment of Constitution.
Annual meetinngs of Parliament.
Dissolution of Parliament.
General Elections and Appointment of Senators.
Boundaries Commission.
Procedure for Review of Constituency boundaries.
Establishment of Supreme Court.
Constitution of High Court.
Appointment of Puisne Judges.
Tenure of office of Puisine Judges.
Constitution of Court of Appeal.
Appoinntment of Judges of Court of Appeal.
Tenure of office of Judges of Court of Appeal.
Appeals from Court of Appeal to Her Majesty in Council.
Judicial and Legal Service Commission.
Remuneration of Govenor-General and certain other officers.
Elections Commission.
Universal adult franchise subject to the qualifications laid down by Parliament.
Freedom of Speech in Parliament.
Interpretation (so far as it relates to the foregoing).
The Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act, 1962.
Page
13 ends here.
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